The history of “Photovoltaic”

The history of “Photovoltaic” (PV) industrial development has been running about 50 years, and have been many studies done in the hope that one day could produce cheap solar cells and feasible compared with artificial electricity (hydro or nuclear) to solve the problem of availability of environment friendly electricity at all levels of this world.

In the late 19th century, solar electricity discovered by German physicist named Alexandre Edmond Becquerel accident where the sun rays fall on the solution of electro-chemical research materials, so the charge of electrons in the solution increases, there is no scientific explanation of the event. Not until the early 20th century, Albert Einstein called the discovery of this natural electrical event with “Photoelectric Effect”, which is the basic understanding of the “Photovoltaic Effect” (Albert Einstein got the Nobel Prize in Physics).

“Photoelectric Effect” comes from Einstein’s observations on a plate of metal release “photon” particles of light energy when exposed to sunlight. Photon continuously urged metal atoms and form a particle “Photon Energy”-is the wave of light energy.

Ultraviolet light waves, light that are high charged photon energy and short wavelength, while red light (infra-red) is low charged photon energy and long waves.

Then around the year 1930, research continued and related to discovery of the “Quantum Mechanics” concept, to create new technologies “solid-state”, which then the Bell Telephone Research Laboratories company create the first solid Solar Cell.

Year 1950 – 1960, technology of solar cell design and efficiency continued and applied to the spacecraft (photovoltaic energies). In 1970’s, the world encourage “renewable” alternative energy sources and environmentally friendly, then the PV is applied to the “low power warning systems” and “offshore buoys” (but the PV production could not be much because it is still “handmade”).

Just in 1980, the PV companies joined with government energy agencies in order to produce the PV cells in large numbers, so the price of solar cells can be more suppressed as low as possible.

Solar system consists of a star called the sun and all the surrounding objects. These objects, including eight known planets with elliptical orbits, meteors, asteroids, comets, dwarf planets, and natural satellites.

Believed that the solar system formed 4.6 billion years since the last and is the result of clumping of gas and dust in space which form the sun and the planets surrounding it.

The solar system is located on the edge of the Milky Way galaxy at a distance of about 2.6 x 1017 km from the center of the galaxy, or about 25,000 to 28,000 light years from the center of the galaxy. Solar system around the Milky Way galaxy center with a speed of 220 km / sec, and it takes time for 225-250 million years for the once around the galactic center. By the age of the solar system about 4.6 billion years, our solar system that has been around the galactic center as much as 20-25 times since formed.

Solar system endured by gravitational influence of the sun and the equivalent system of the solar system, which has a center line of a year light velocity, marked a sprinkling of comets called the Oort cloud. There is also a plate-shaped Oort cloud in the inner solar system that are recognized as the inner Oort cloud.

Caused by a longitudinal planet’s orbit, distance and position of the planets versus the sun position changed based on the position of planet in the orbit.

Origin of the Solar System

Many hypotheses about the origin of the solar system have been presented by experts, including:

Nebula Hypothesis

Nebula hypothesis was first proposed by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) in the year 1775. This hypothesis then perfected by the Marquis de Laplace Pierre in 1796. Therefore, the hypothesis is better known as nebula hypothesis Kant-Laplace. In the early stages of the solar system was still a giant fog. The fog was formed from dust, ice, and gas called nebulae. Elements of the gas mostly hydrogen. Because the its gravitational force, the fog was shrinking and turning in a certain direction. As a result, the temperature heats up and the fog became a giant star called the sun. Giant sun keep on shrinking and its rotation faster. Further gas rings and ice flew around the sun. Due to gravity, these gases condense along with the decrease in temperature and form inner planets. In the same way, the outer planets formed well.

Planetisimal Hypothesis

Planetisimal hypothesis was first proposed by Thomas C. Chamberlain and Forest R. Moulton in 1900. Planetisimal hypothesis says that our solar system formed as a result of another star who nearly crashed into the sun.

Star Tidal Hypothesis

Star tidal hypothesis was first proposed by James Jean and Jaffries Herold in 1917. Tidal hypothesis is very similar to the star planetisimal hypothesis. But the difference lies in the amount of the sun first.

Condensation Hypothesis

Condensation hypothesis originally put forward by the Dutch astronomer named GP Kuiper (1905-1973) in 1950. Condensation hypothesis explains that the solar system formed from a spinning giant fog ball forming giant discs.

Twin Star Hypothesis

Twin star hypothesis originally proposed by Fred Hoyle (1915-2001) in 1956. The hypothesis suggests that firstly our solar system was two stars of similar size and adjacent to one of them exploding leaving small fragments.

History of discovery

Five nearest planet to the Sun than Earth (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) has been known since ancient times because they all can be seen with the naked eye. Many people in this world have their own names for each planet.

Development of science and technology in the five centuries of observation and bring people to understand the celestial bodies are liberated from the veil of mythology. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) with his refractor telescope capable of making human eye “more sharply” in observing celestial bodies, which can not be observed by naked eye.

Because Galileo’s telescope could observe more sharply, he could see many changes in the appearance of Venus, as Venus Crescent as a result of position changes of Venus against the Sun. Venus around the Sun reasoning further strengthened its heliocentric theory, namely that the sun is the center of the universe, not the Earth, which was initiated by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543). Heliocentric arrangement is the sun surrounded by Mercury to Saturn.

Galileo telescopes continue to be improved by other scientists such as Christian Huygens (1629-1695) who discovered Titan, Saturn’s satellites, which were nearly 2 times the distance of Earth-Jupiter orbit.

The development of the telescope is also well balanced with the development of motion calculations of celestial bodies and relationships with each other through the Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) with Kepler’s Law. And the peak, Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) with the law of gravity. With these two theoretical calculations that allows the search and calculation of the celestial bodies further.

In 1781, William Hechell (1738-1782) discovered Uranus. Careful calculation of Uranus orbit concludes that the planet is disturbed. Neptune was discovered in August 1846. The discovery of Neptune was not enough to explain the interference of Uranus orbit. Pluto was later found in 1930. When Pluto was discovered, he was known as the only celestial object that was after Neptune. Then in 1978, Charon, satellites which make a circuit of Pluto found, previously mistaken for the real planet because it does not differ greatly with Pluto. Astronomers later found about 1,000 other small objects in the back of Neptune (called trans-Neptunian objects) are also around the Sun . There may be around 100,000 of similar objects known as Kuiper Belt objects (Kuiper belt is part of the trans-Neptunian objects). Dozens of celestial bodies including the Kuiper Belt Object that is Quaoar (1250 km in June 2002), Huya (750 km in March 2000), Sedna (1800 km in March 2004), Orcus, Vesta, Pallas, Hygiea, Varuna, and 2003 EL61 (1500 km in May 2004). The discovery of 2003 EL61 is horrendous because of this Kuiper Belt object known also have a satellite in January 2005, although smaller than Pluto. And the peak is the discovery of UB 313 (2700 km in October 2003) which was named Xena by its discoverer. Except larger than Pluto, this object also has a satellite.

List of planetary distances

List of planets and the average distance of the planet with the sun in the solar system is as follows:

57.9 million miles to Mercury
108.2 million miles to Venus
149.6 million miles to Earth
227.9 million miles to Mars
778.3 million miles to Jupiter
1427.0 million miles to Saturn
2871.0 million miles to Uranus
4497.0 million miles to Neptune

There is also asteroids circle, mostly around the sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

Because of its rotational toward each axis, equator is the longest circumference in each planet and star.

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Solar PV In Architecture

Revolutionary of photovoltaic applications in the architectural building has undergone rapid development, starting from ordinary technology to high technology in the 3rd generation, they are:

1. First generation (the 1980s)

PV panel module with an iron framework just mounted on the field of building flat roof with a brace (tracking).

2. Second generation (the 1990s)

Photovoltaic cells (PV) developed more integrated part of building materials: roof materials (tiles, shingles).

3. Third generation (year 1997)

Rows of PV modules as atrium cover

Rows of PV modules as a canopy

Chip / PV module was developed into a whole architectural integration in building materials and advanced applications.

Applications of PV Third Generation

a. Form of shingles (thin film crystalline)

Rows of PV modules as roof cover

b. Form of cladding (curtain walls)

Rows of PV modules as a facade covering

In general, the energy utilization of solar PV have been popular in the world in the field:

• Housing & villa / lodge (the most common areas far from power lines).

• Commercial (offices, hospitals, institutions, and bus stop lighting, street lights).

• Industry (telecommunications, power generation, water pumping stations, electric backup).

New Solar Technology

Solar technologies is now highly developed, with some progress is being developed to be used every day.

Below 10 Solar Technologies to note:

1. Water Heating Solar Panel: Pyron Solar Triad uses a special design, short focal-length, lens in the acrylic concentration to reflect and accept the light, effectively concentrate 6.500 solar power in the form of a small light. The second lens capture light and focus on PV cells. According to related companies, HE Optics System produces 800 times more energy than the silicon solar cells.
2. Home Solar to Hydrogen Storage: An MIT professor Daniel Nocera, build a company this year to market a technology that can split water and store solar energy. The key of this company is to achieve a breakthrough solar energy to make solar power cheaper.
   “The idea is to use solar panels to power the electrolyzer to produce hydrogen which would be stored in tanks. When people need electricity, the stored hydrogen would put through a fuel cell.”
3. Solar panel roof that can be printed and painted: If solar power is easy to install as to paint your roof with sunlight resistant paint, it will lower the standard for the installation of solar power at home. This technology called silicon ink, and according to the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, solar cells showed 18% energy savings.
4. Large Panel Solar Film: SunFab ™ system uses silicon thin film technology to market the largest and most powerful panels in the world and combines inexpensive material.
5. Organic Solar Concentrators: Engineers at MIT have created a method to transform glass into a high-tech solar concentrator, using color glass to collect and emit light which is usually missing from the panel surface. This technology can create a building for use with glass window film to gather strength. Other companies, GreenSun, has developed a panel of light color where it catch the other parts of the spectrum of the sun, and does not require direct sunlight to work.
6. Space Based Solar: Japanese are developing a giant space station with solar power generators to transmit solar power to earth from 36.000 km above the earth within the next 30 years. The Japanese Government supports $ 21 billion project, which includes a space station solar power with solar panels cubical 4km, save electric energy of 1 gigawatt, enough for 300,000 homes in Tokyo.
7. Solar Roads: Solar Roadways concept, will make a way to use glass panels to collect and distribute solar energy to illuminate the light at night and hot in winter, with enough remaining energy to light homes and businesses. Discoverer, Scott Brusaw, estimating each mile of solar panels can be illuminated 500 houses, and is expected to make a panel for 12×12 need cost about $ 5,000.
8. SunCatcher: Stirling Energy System, contains a solar concentrator in the bowl structure supported by a convex mirror, can be used in Arizona soon. SunCatcher using glass system fitted with a parabolic bowl for concentrating solar power in high-efficiency Stirling engine, with each bowl produces 25.000 watts.
9. Solar Nanotechnology: Research workers at McMaster University in Ontario has developed a light-absorbing nanowires formed of excellent photovoltaic materials in thin but durable carbon-nanotube fabric. They also use small particles in a flexible polyster film where can lead to solar cells that are both flexible and cheaper than today’s solar cells.
10. Grid Ready for Solar: Andalay AC solar energy panels, made with Akeena Solar technology, integrate the racking, wiring and electrical grounding components to the panel. According to the company, this will against the damage, a lot of money in saving for 30 year lifetime. Andalay AC solar energy panels produce a safe AC power, and can be a safe installation process for users.

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Solar Light Tubes

Initial concept of light tubes developed by the ancient Egyptians, namely by direct use of natural light tubes with reflective material. This is the concept of the oldest and most widespread type of natural lighting of interior space.

Light tubes are also known as “tubular skylight”, “SunScope” or “Tubular Daylighting Device” allow natural light into the darkened interior room of buildings and houses. The people enjoy the natural lighting provided by skylights. However, skylights are often not evenly distribute the light, is the loss of a significant source of energy, and UV light can cause damage to the carpet and furniture. Light tubes, on the other hand, using the sun for lighting interiors without the shortcomings associated with conventional skylights. To prevent the danger of ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the carpet and furniture fading, UV inhibitors formed a dome roof on most models. Another bonus when choosing light tubes is that they provide far more heat slightly, as did the standard skylights. Because of the lack of acceptance of this heat, tubular skylights to save money on air conditioning bills during hot months.

Taking advantage of free sunlight as much as possible, the pipe hole collect sunlight from the roof dome light collector consists of an acrylic lens, bounce it to the bottom of a tube with a highly reflective interior coating, to pull the lens cap is similar to conventional recessed lighting equipment and diffuse sun light evenly throughout the interior rooms. The tube can be bent and adapted to drive around the garret or ceiling obstructions with small loss of light transmitting and can often be installed in less than three hours. Not like the ceiling of need roof to the ceiling of the timber-framed shaft and covered with drywall or wood panels, and the need for structural modifications, so installation is simple and relatively inexpensive.

Roof mounted dome made of high quality acrylic resin specially formulated to enhance the impact strength, chemical, weather resistance and high clarity.

Light tubes can be installed on almost all types of roof materials, including wood and asphalt shingles, concrete and ceramics, and metals. Thanks to a highly reflective coating on the rod, the tube can work efficiently from sunrise to sunset.

Most of the producers of glass tubular solar roof offers a 10-year warranty against defects in materials and post-installation cracks or discoloration. Tubes solar installation contractors generally offer a 2-3 year warranty for the installation of weatherproofing and storm protection.

The average size of the tubular skylight ranges between 10 and 21 inches (254 and 533 mm), diameter, which effectively light of 100-600 square feet (30,48-182,88 meters), interior space. The main factor in choosing a general measure of the distance between the roof rafters and / or ceiling beams.

Prices range from around $ 171.00 to $ 423.00. Installing a solar tube usually cost between $ 500 and $ 800. Both depend on the size of tubes and features installed.

Light tube options include:

• Dimmers which allows the natural lighting level of a room that will turn up or down according to demand.
• Light kit for night time lighting.
• Ventilation fan kit

Energy-efficient light tubes is an important part of the house and environmentally friendly buildings. Natural light effects on your physical, emotional and psychological well known as the rooms benefit from natural sunlight free will positively impact our environment for future generations. They are environmentally-friendly way to naturally brighten every room, a smart alternative to skylights and artificial lighting.